Titanium dioxide (TiO₂), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) are among the most commonly used metal oxides in a wide array of industries, including cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and environmental applications. Their widespread use stems from their unique physical and chemical properties, such as high stability, inertness, and functional versatility. However, with increasing exposure, especially at the nanoscale, questions have arisen regarding their safety for human health and the environment. This comprehensive article explores the safety profiles of these three oxides, considering their chemical nature, applications, potential risks, regulatory perspectives, and recent scientific findings. Read More